What is AI?

“[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision making, problem-solving, learning” Bellman, 1978

“The design and study of computer programs that behave intelligently. These programs are constructed to perform as would a human or an animal whose behavior we consider intelligent” Dean et al., 1995

Isn’t there a solid defn of intelligence that doesn’t depend on relating it to human intelligence?

Not yet. The problem is that we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others.

What’s involved in intelligence

• Ability to interact with the real world
  • to perceive, understand, and act
  • e.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesis
  • e.g., image understanding
  • e.g., the ability to take actions, have an effect
• Reasoning and Planning
  • modeling the external world, given input
  • solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
  • ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
• Learning and Adaptation
  • We are continuously learning and adapting
  • Our internal models are always being “updated”

Views of AI fall into four Categories:

1. A system that thinks like humans

   ⇒ Introspection-trying to catch our own thought, psychological experiments - simulations through computer programs

2. Systems that act like humans

⇒ Turing Test: ultimate test for acting humanly

⇒ Characteristics to pass the Turing Test

• Natural Language Processing
  • Enable it to communicate successfully in English
• Knowledge Representation
  • Store what it knows or hear
• Automated Reasoning
  • Use the Stored info to answer or to draw a new conclusion
• Machine Learning
  • Adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns

2022 Past Exaplain the qualities of a system that it should possess in order to pass the total turing test.

1. A system that thinks rationally

   ⇒ Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI.